Analysis of the Coca Cola Companys Organizational Behaviour

Investigation of the Coca Cola Companys Organizational Behavior This archive contains a wide examination of The Coca-Cola Company and addresses a few Organizational Behavior and Human Resources issues. Proposals are foreseen dependent on the discoveries and the issues that were found inside the examination. The objectives of the suggestions are to address a few issues that The Coca cola Company are looking in their Organization Stucture, Leadership and Management issues, their Organization Culture, Human assets issues and Communication aptitudes of the association and furthermore adjust organization dynamic with the structure of the association. Substance Conceptual I Substance ii Rundown of Abbreviations ii Section ONE 4 Presentation AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION. 4 1.0. Authoritative History 4 1.1. The Coca Cola Company 5 Meet Our Company 5 Who we are 5 What we Do 5 For what reason is our job Important 5 1.2. Strategic, Values 6 Our Mission 6 2.0.Organization structure and Span of Control 8 Unthinking versus Organic structures 8 2.2. Range of Control 9 3.0.Human Resource and Management Practice 10 3.1. Human Resource Planning 10 3.2. Resourcing 10 Re-appropriating 10 3.3. Preparing and Development 10 3.4. Execution and Motivation 11 3.5. The executives System and Policies 11 3.6. Group working 12 3.7. The executives of Change 12 Kinds of progress 12 Vital change 12 Operational change 13 Rundown of Abbreviations HFCS High Fructose Corn Syrup President Chief Executive Officer CAO Chief Administrative Officer CFO Chief Financial Officer. Part ONE Presentation AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION. Hierarchical History It was 1886, and in New York Harbor, laborers were developing the Statue of Liberty. 800 miles away, another incredible American image was going to be revealed. In the same way as other individuals who change history, John Pemberton, an Atlanta drug specialist, was roused by straightforward interest. One evening, he worked up a fragrant, caramel-hued fluid and, when it was done, he conveyed it a couple of entryways down to Jacobs Pharmacy. Here, the blend was joined with carbonated water and tested by clients who all concurred this new beverage was something extraordinary. So Jacobs Pharmacy put it at a bargain for five pennies a glass. Â Pembertons accountant, Frank Robinson, named the blend Coca-Colaâ ®, and worked it out in his particular content. Right up 'til today, Coca-Cola is composed a similar way. In the primary year, Pemberton sold only 9 glasses of Coca-Cola daily. Â After a century, The Coca-Cola Company has created in excess of 10 billion gallons of syrup. Lamentably for Pemberton, he kicked the bucket in 1888 without understanding the achievement of the refreshment he had made. Â Through the span of three years, 1888-1891, Atlanta specialist Asa Griggs Candler tied down rights to the business for an aggregate of about $2,300. Candler would turn into the Companys first president, and the first to carry genuine vision to the business and the brand. (The Coca cola Company site) Its notoriety would not remain inside the United States for long, however, on the grounds that in the time of 1906, Coca Cola was packaged in Cuba and in Panama. Packaging tasks were before long begun in Hawaii the following year, at that point in the Philippines, France, Belgium, Bermuda, Colombia, the Honduras, Italy, Mexico, Haiti, and Burma in later years. Continuously of 1940, the popular soda pop was packaged in forty nations. Publicizing for the cola has included numerous item trademarks including, The Pause That Refreshes, which was utilized in 1929, Have a Coke and a Smile, which was utilized in 1979, and Always Coca Cola which was utilized in 1993 when deals from this soda pop surpassed ten billion cases around the world. (Essortment Articles) 1.1. The Coca Cola Company Meet Our Company The coca cola organization I the universes biggest refreshment organization. We work in excess of 200 nations and market a portfolioof in excess of 3000 refreshments items including shining beverages and still refreshments, for example, waters,juices and juice beverages and still drinks, for example, waters, juice and juice drinks, teas, espressos, beverages and caffeinated drinks. What our identity is Headquarted in Atlanta, Georgia, we utilize around 92,400 partners over our six working gatherings Eurasia Africa,Europe,Latin America, North America, Pacific and packaging Investment notwithstanding Corporate. What we Do Our Company manufacturee the concentrates, refreshment bases and syrups that is make our image interesting, and offers them to packaging tasks. We oown our License the Brands adn, to associate our brands to our clients, we center around promoting exercises including print and TV publicizing, online projects retail location displys, sponsorship, challenges and bundle structure. For what reason is our job Important Our emphasis on drink creation and showcasing empowers us to comprehend and meet the different and ever-changing refreshment needs and wants of our customers around the globe. We are a worldwide business that works on a nearby scale, in each network where we work together. We can make worldwide reach with nearby center in light of the quality of the Coca-Cola framework, which contains our Company and our more than 300 packaging accomplices around the world. While many view our Company as essentially Coca-Cola, our framework works through numerous nearby channels. Our Company produces and sells concentrates, drink bases and syrups to packaging activities, possesses the brands and is answerable for buyer brand showcasing activities. Our packaging accomplices fabricate, bundle, stock and convey the last marked drinks to our clients and distributing accomplices, who at that point offer our items to buyers. All packaging accomplices work intimately with clients supermarkets, cafés, road sellers, comfort stores, cinemas and entertainment meccas, among numerous others to execute limited systems created in organization with our Company. Clients at that point offer our items to buyers at a pace of 1.6 billion servings per day. (The Coca cola organization site) 1.2. Strategic, Values The world is changing surrounding us. To keep on flourishing as a business throughout the following ten years and past, we should look forward, comprehend the patterns and powers that will shape our business later on and move quickly to get ready for whats to come. We should prepare for tomorrow today. That is the thing that our 2020 Vision is about. It makes a drawn out goal for our business and furnishes us with a Roadmap for winning along with our packaging accomplices. Our Mission Our Roadmap begins with our main goal, which is persevering. It announces our motivation as an organization and fills in as the standard against which we gauge our activities and choices. To revive the world To move snapshots of hopefulness and joy To make worth and have any kind of effect. Our Vision Our vision fills in as the system for our Roadmap and aides each part of our business by portraying what we have to achieve so as to keep accomplishing reasonable, quality development. Individuals: Be an incredible work environment where individuals are motivated to be as well as can be expected be. Portfolio: Bring to the world an arrangement of value drink marks that envision and fulfill people groups wants and needs. Accomplices: Nurture a triumphant system of clients and providers, together we make common, suffering worth. Planet: Be a capable resident that has any kind of effect by helping assemble and bolster economical networks. Benefit: Maximize long haul come back to shareowners while being aware of our general obligations. Efficiency: Be a profoundly viable, lean and quick moving association. (The Coca cola Company site) Association structure and Span of Control All associations have some type of pretty much formalized structure that is the system for completing things. Structure is the example of realtionships among position in the association and among individuals from the association. Structure makes conceivable the use of the procedure of the board and makes a system and makes a casing work of request and order through which the exercises of the association can be arranged, sorted out coordinated and controlled. (Mullins 2005) As indicated by (Amstrong 2009:365)Organizations fluctuate in their multifaceted nature, yet it is important to separate the general administration task into an assortment of exercises, to allot these exercises to the various pieces of the association and to set up methods for controlling, planning and incorporating them. The structure of an association comprises of units, capacities, divisions, offices and officially established work groups into which exercises identified with specific procedures, ventures, items, markets, clients, land zones or expert orders are gathered. The structure demonstrates who is responsible for coordinating, planning and completing these exercises and defi nes the board progressive systems the hierarchy of leadership in this way illuminating, extensively, who is capable to whom for what at each level in the association. Unthinking versus Organic structures Unthinking Natural High formalization Low formalization Thin range of control Wide range of control High centralisation Low centralisation Hard change Simpler to changeEasier We can say Coca-Cola Companys structure is a tall structure, a mixture of both unthinking and natural models. The association has a progressively incorporated structure, anyway as of late there has been a development towards decentralization for simple managemant in districts. The essential issue of The Coca-Cola Company is on responsiveness. The perplexing incorporating components are normal for a natural structure. The overviews and meetings utilized by the organization permitted data to spill out of the base up, and the intranet takes into account data to be traded along the side. As indicated by reviews done it have make the Company to seek after disentanglement and normalization (The Coca-cola Company Website). Centralization and high standardizatio

Huck Finn :: essays research papers

     Throughout the book clearly there are qualities that Mark Twain either loathes and disdains, or regards and qualities them. Twain clearly is ridiculing the unwanted qualities, for example, the regular interest of individuals and furthermore the avarice for cash. Despite the fact that there are relatively few qualities that he regards, there is one that is appeared in this book, companionship.      It is normal to show interest towards something yet Mark Twain disdains this trademark and makes jokes about it. The greatest case of this characteristic is indicated when the King and Duke are pulling a con on individuals with the â€Å"Royal Nonesuch.† The sign used to get individuals to go to the give was the main honest indication of normal interest, by saying that ladies and youngsters would not be conceded. The entire execution was to have King streak over the stage shaded with the brilliant shades of the rainbow. Individuals just snickered from the outset however then out of nowhere understood that they had been defrauded out of their cash. Since they would not like to look like nitwits they told individuals that the show was extraordinary and to take a brief trip and see it. They pulled it off multiple times aggregate before individuals got on and were going to begin to oppose the King and Duke’s appear. The crowd was so interested by their flier that they showed up in any case. That shows people’s regular interest. Imprint Twain parodies this episode and intrigues fun of how individuals truly are. The people’s interest eventually drove them to losing their cash and their shame caused them to choose not enlighten different residents regarding how their interest made them lose their 50 penny confirmation cost. That is the explanation for why Twain loathes interest.      A second and much more regrettable trademark that Twain abhors is people groups general voracity. Imprint Twain begins referencing ravenousness from the get-go in the book when he discusses Huck’s father, Pap. At the point when Huck discovered that Pap was alive, the principal thing he went to do was give Judge Thatcher his $6000, on the grounds that he realized his dad would need everything. The eagerness of Pap has made his own child conceal his cash from him so he won't take it, indicating the absence of regard in their relationship. In any event, when Pap runs into Huck promptly he asks him is how much cash he had on him, and Huck needed to hand it over.

Why Knowing a Mean (or Average) Is Useful in Psychology

Why Knowing a Mean (or Average) Is Useful in Psychology Student Resources Study Guides and Tips Print How a Mean Is Useful in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on October 10, 2019 Martin Barraud/Getty Images More in Student Resources Study Guides and Tips APA Style and Writing Careers In statistics, the mean is the mathematical average of a set of numbers. The average is calculated by adding up two or more scores and dividing the total by the number of scores. Consider the following number set: 2, 4, 6, 9, 12. The average is calculated in the following manner: 2 4 6 9 12 33 / 5 6.6. So the average of the number set is 6.6. Why Psychologists Care About the Mean If you are taking a psychology class, you might be wondering why your instructor wants you to know so much about statistical concepts such as the mean, median, mode, and range. The reason for this is that psychologists utilize such numbers to help make sense of data that is collected through research. Imagine, for example, that a psychologist is doing research on sleep habits among college students. She hands out a form to a random sample of 100 university students and has them track how much they sleep each night for a period of 30 days. Once data has been collected, a researcher has a great deal of information. But now she needs to make sense of this information and determine how to present it in a meaningful way. A mean can help do that. The first thing this psychologist might do is take a look at the data collected from each individual student. She might want to look at things such as the range of data (the smallest amount of sleep the student got to the most amount of sleep the student reported), but one of the most helpful numbers she might want to look at is the average amount of sleep that the student got per night over the course of the month. In order to accomplish this, she would start by adding up each number and then dividing by the total number of data points. In this case, the month had thirty days, so she would add up the hours of each night sleep and then divide that total number by 30. This value represents the mean, or average number, of hours of sleep that each particular student reported over the course of the month. Once she has calculated a mean for each student, she might want to then report the range of values, the median (or most frequently occurring number), or even combine all of the numbers into an overall mean for the entire group. Measures of Central Tendency The mean is just one type of measure of central tendency. In other words, psychologists are often interested in looking at how data points tend to group around a central value. By understanding this central value, researchers are able to get a better idea about what is considered expected or normal for a particular group as a whole. The mean can be influenced by extreme data points. If most tend to fall within a certain range, but a few data points are either very high or very low, the mean might not be a good reflection of what is really happening with the data. Consider your own grades on exams in your psychology class, for example. Imagine that you have taken four tests so far with scores of 96 percent, 98 percent, 94 percent, and 100 percent. Unfortunately, you were not feeling well before your last exam and did not have enough time to prepare and ended up flunking the test with a score of just 14 percent. While the rest of your exams scores represent solid work, that one extremely low score drags your mean score down to 80.4 percent. For this reason, research might also look at the median score, or the most frequently occurring score in a data set, as a means of determining central tendency. How to Calculate the Mean, Median, or Mode

Analysis Of The Book The Birthmark - 905 Words

The Nathaniel Hawthorn story â€Å"The Birthmark† is a about a scientist who strives to fix the imperfections of human nature. Not only does he kill his wife during the process, his attempt to have any control over human nature dies as well. This story is ironic in the way Hawthorne uses his symbolism in his characters to portray. Judith Fetterley says, The Birthmark demonstrates the consequences to women of being trapped in the laboratory of man s mind, the object of unrelenting scrutiny, examination, and experimentation, (Fetterley 32). In Hawthorn’s story, all of the symbols in the story represent that despite man’s attempts, nature cannot be altered without a consequence. As a scientist who views nature not as beautiful, but as flawed, Aylmer feels that it is in his power to â€Å"have corrected what Nature left imperfect in her fairest work!† (Hawthorne). Hawthorne added at the beginning of the story that Aylmer â€Å"persuaded a beautiful women to become his wife† (Hawthorne). However, it makes the audience question whether or not he truly loved her and her natural beauty or the fact that he loved the idea that he could make her as pretty as he thinks she could possibly be. Aylmer falls in love with Georgiana but soon he becomes very disgusted with her birthmark. Now, since he is coming to realization with his feelings and attraction to her, he wants to be in control of Georgiana’s beauty. Aylmer does not want to remove the mark from Georgiana’s face because it is ugly; heShow MoreRelatedThe Birthmark By Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesThe Birthmark Criticism Analysis The short story â€Å"The Birthmark† by Nathaniel Hawthorne was written in 1843 at the beginning of the largest feminist movement in the United States of America which occurred between the years 1840 and 1920 (National). Furthermore, during the 1830s and 1840s there were many women who spoke out about women’s rights. 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The Great Leaders Have Used The Power Of Architecture

Throughout history, great leaders have used the power of architecture to convey the fundamental ideas that formed the base of their societies. Immense amounts of money, power and time have been poured into monumental buildings over the centuries; testament to the importance humanity places on grand symbols. Classical architecture is some of the most timeless and long lasting architecture the world has ever seen. It has been the inspiration of thousands of buildings, long after the original creators and civilizations passed..The practice of using classical architecture to reference the values that classical architects used their buildings to represent several hundreds of years before was first practiced by leaders such as the monarchy of Great Britain. At the height of their empire they borrowed symbols from the emperors of ancient Rome; symbols to represent the glory of an Imperial hand stretching over a collection of colonies. A contrasting example is Thomas Jefferson, an aspiring architect who not only designed buildings for the new America, but the American democracy with it. His architecture was representative of a collection of intellectual individuals working together to create a just system of government. The classical buildings that symbolize these styles of architecture, linked by the similar architectural features, are the Maison Carrà ©e, Pantheon and the Parthenon. Features that make the Maison Carrà ©e distinctive include a deep portico, a hexastyle design onShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Parthenon- A Culture in Itself1652 Words   |  7 Pagesremarkable structure of the Parthenon on the Acropolis. The Parthenon is one of the most inspiring works of architecture known to mankind. The project of the extraordinary Acropolis was taken on by one of the most influential leaders of history, Pericles. 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Marketing and Product Free Essays

1. On the Basics: a. We have asserted that marketing is really the strategic idea of ‘connectedness’ with customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing and Product or any similar topic only for you Order Now From the perspective of your final project company, identify and discuss how your company connects with its customers – select from either the marketing concept or the selling concept. Be sure to define each concept and be detailed in your response. A: Marketing concept holds that achieving organizational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions better than competitors do. customer focus and value are the path to sales and profits) The marketing concept is a customer-centered sense and responds philosophy. (The job is to find the right products for your customers. ) My project company Samsung took the marketing concept and connect with its customers. Samsung chooses to concern more about customers’ need and invent products that solve customers’ problems rather than make it and sell it. Before inventing cellphone products it will do a lot of surveys and experiment to find out what problems exist and c oncerned seriously in modern world. Activities like free gift and sample-with-purchase, free experiencing and considerate after-selling service are good ways of finding what customer want and asking for feedbacks. Not only can these marketing strategies collect data and examples for its study, but also can build a strong relationship with current and potential customers. Besides that Samsung also develop a system of contacting with customers, which uses cell phones and email. By emailing and texting customer what new products are and asking their ideas about them helps improve products and make products more customer-orientated. . Referring to your project company provide a well-developed characterization of your market segment and your target market. i. Identify the most urgent issue necessary for you to penetrate or protect your desired market space. Market Segmentation: Target Customers: Urgent issue: The most urgent issue is to differentiate this smartphone from other smartphone of other brands by marketing. There are many smartphones in the market and the most competitive one is the iphone5 from Apple. These two smartphone have similar function and both have good reputation in repairing skins. To market the serum from Lauder we have to stress its function of giving you the most attractive function such as Pop up play and Face Zoom which Apple doesn’t have. c. Lastly, concisely address each of the following central positioning questions pertaining to your project company/brand: i. What position, if any, do you already have in the prospect’s mind? Here I list some of the competitive offerings Full range of service after selling Apple 9. 0 Nokia 7. Motorola7. 5 HTC 7. 0 Sharp6. 5 ZTE6. 0 Quality of product The branches of product ii. What position do you want to own? With a strong brand advantage and the luxuriant Apple store, Apple now is still the brightness star in people’s mind. But what I am going to do is to give customers more space to experience our product when they come to Samsung store . I aim to own the first place. iii. What companies must be outgunne d if you are to establish or maintain that position? From my point of view, Motorola would be the first one to be outgunned. The reason is that: 2. On the Marketing Mix: Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of your company’s marketing mix and offer strategic recommendations on how the company should handle the most burning marketing problem/opportunity impacting the strategic performance of the ‘mix’. Consider shaping your answer with the 5Cs in mind Strengths: Lauder has diversified marketing strategies from retailing stores to TV commercials to spas. It present the product in many dimensions and gives consumer a full and impressive understand of the product. Weakness: Most of Estee Lauder’s retail stores are owned by the company. Lauder doesn’t want to cooperate with other retailers in order to keep their image of high-end. However, marketing the serum means you have to highly exposed your product to the public and remind them there’s always this choice for them and they have easy access to the product. Solutions: The burning marketing problem is galaxy does not have a strong differentiated position from other brands and not impressive to cosumers. Firstly, we should think of customer solution. By launching ad campaign in which stress the function of the product and list features that other cellphones don’t have, we are actually telling consumers that the extra benefits they can get from choosing this cellphone. Besides that we can set up experience lounge in some shopping malls for people to try the product out as well as teaching them how to use it to achieve the best effect. Secondly, we focus on customer cost. To some people who have never used it before they might not want to spend that much money in trying a new product. So when we are launching this product we can offer discount or selling as a package to lower the price so that more potential customer will be willing to have a try. Fourthly, we can promote the communication. By establishing two-way communication can really strengthen the tight with consumers. Why many brands are forgettable is because they don’t have a strong connection with consumers. By contacting consumers with email and message we can always expose them in the information of the products which increase the chance of them choosing the product. 3. On Consumer Buying Behavior: a. Referring to your company, describe a scenario of your typical customer using the buyer decision process when considering purchasing your company’s product/service. Use the language from our readings. i. Consider pulling from your database research offered in our library workshop to authenticate how your customers behave in your market environment. b. Additionally, from the criteria that influence the rate of adoption, in what area does your company/product excel and what area does your company/product require attention to strengthen the adoption process? Be detailed in your response. . First we have Need Recognition. The buyer recognizes a problem or need of the cellphone by talking to a friend of watching an ad. Second, he will do Information Search. Ads are from commercial sources-controlled by marketers. He may also find information from personal sources, public sources and experiential sources. By watching ads or listening to the advice of a close friend or trying the sam ples she will get the information about the cellphones. Third, we have Evaluation of Alternatives. He will evaluate alternatives with calculations and logical thinking. By taking each attribute into consideration and compare different cellphones he finds out that cellphones from Samsung will satisfied his need with the functions galaxy has. Fourth, he will make the Purchase Decision. After ranking brands and forming purchase intention, he is about to buy the cellphone. Now if attitudes of others also points to buying it and there’s no unexpected situational factors like worsening economy or dropping price of competitors, he will by the rather expensive cellphone form Samsung. Last but not least there’s Postpurchase Behavior. He will feel either satisfied or unsatisfied with the galaxy,which is the gap between the expectations and the product’s perceived performance. b. EXCEL Relative advantage: 4. 8† Super Amoled HD display Pebble blue or marble white Battery: 2,100mAh (wireless charging optional extra) Camera: 8MP rear; 1. 9 MP front S-Beam High speed file transfer via NFC and WiFi Direct, between two phones touched together, operating at up to 300Mbps. Smart Stay The phone tracks your eyes, so as long as you’re looking at it, the display won’t dim or turn off. What Needs to be STRENGTHEN? the purpose of the current market situation, the major brands of mobile phone chain (such as Suning, Gome, etc. ) occupies a large market, so we are faced with considerable pressure. According to the market potential, the Guangdong market level of consumption analysis, consumer groups, after all, is limited, so we have a unique service to impress potential customers. d out the differences. 4. On Branding and the Product Lifecycle: a. Referring to your company, identify the one major strength and weakness of the brand. i. What are your recommendations to strengthen the competitiveness and equity of the brand? ii. Identify at what stage your brand falls within the product lifecycle model. What is required for you to ensure that the customer remains eternally ‘connected’ to your brand? a. Strength: Samsung has sufficient fund for inventing so it’s able to apply high-tech into their products, which makes it a sell point to the customers because nowadays everyone likes new technology. What’s more, when inventing the product Samsung will have so many test before they finally launch the product so the product is definitely safe. Weakness:The four-nuclei graphics card needs large amount of electricity The outer skin is easily getting old because of its material i. To increase competitiveness and equity of the brand first we need to think about the brand positioning Marketers need to position the brand clearly in the target customers’ mind. I will position the brand at the highest level which is on strong beliefs and values. By launching ad campaigns we deliver the concept that the serum form Estee Lauder is more than a serum, it’s a lifestyle you choose. â€Å"To be fabulous and healthy everyday gives you the confident to face every challenge. I would also establish a mission for the brand and a vision of what the brand must be and do. Through the promise the serum deliver to buyers we can strongly impress the buyers with the features, benefits and experience. Second, I will introduce line extensions. Redesigning the form, color and size of the screen we can easily change the image of this old product in consumers mind. The Samsung cellphone old outfit is no longer suitable for modern consumers because it was designed long time ago and the main concept is to express its luxurious. Nowadays people want products which can present youth and energy. So changing the outer packing is necessary in delivering new message to the consumers. ii. The product falls on the maturity stage in which product’s sales growth slows and profits stabilized. In order to ensure the customers remain eternally ‘connected’ to the brand marketers should evolve to meet changing consumer needs. Modifying the Market- The company should try to increase consumption by finding new users and new market segment for its brands. The Vita-mineral Radiance Serum from Lauder is often adopted by women over 30 years old for the special benefit in fighting wrinkles. But actually it is suitable for women over 20 years old because it can give them the healthy grow of skin and prevent early wrinkles. Modifying the product- Changing the characteristics such as features, style or funtion to attract new users and inspire more usage. The old funtions of the Samsung were designed in the 2000s’ and it’s too garish for young people. Some details are unnecessary and will mislead consumers that this is a product for mid-age people. By changing the cellphone to a more simple and portable style can really modify the image in people’s mind and attract younger consumers to buy it. Modifying the marketing mix- Improving sales by changing one or more marketing mix elements. The company can offer new or improved services to buyers. Distributing free, new samples and offering free tour to â€Å"Korea Tour† after purchasing the serum can really attract consumers to buy this old product. The company can offer a lower price after discount the product to increase the scale of sale. The company can also launch a better advertising campaign or use aggressive sales promotions. By redefining the product’s use and target customer, the company can launch ad campaign that highly stress the benefits this cellphone offer and help consumers notice their potential need. Company The analysis of the company allows for the evaluation of the company’s objectives, strategy and capabilities. These areas indicate to an organization about the strength of the business model or whether there are areas for improvement, as well as how well an organization will fit with the external environment. 6] †¢ Goals Objectives: An analysis on the mission of the business, the industry of the business and the stated goals required to achieve the mission. †¢ Position: An analysis on the Marketing strategy and the Marketing mix. †¢ Performance: An analysis on how effectively the business is achieving their stated mission and goals. †¢ Product line: An analysis on the products manufactured by the business and how successful it will be in the market. [5] [edit] Competitors The competitor analysis takes into consideration the competitors position within the industry and the potential threat it may pose to other businesses. The main purpose of the competitor analysis is for businesses to analyze both the current and potential nature and capabilities of a competitor in order to be prepared against competition. The competitor analysis looks at the following criteria’s: †¢ Identity competitors: Businesses must be able to identify competitors within their industry. Identification of whether competitors provide the same service/products to the same customer base will be useful is gaining knowledge on direct competitors. Both direct and indirect competitors must be identified, as well as potential competitors that may enter the market. †¢ Assessment of competitors: The competitor analysis looks at competitor goals, mission, strategies and resources. This will allow for a thorough comparison on the goals and strategies of both competitors and organization. †¢ Predict future initiatives of competitors: An early insight into the potential activity of a competitor will help a company be prepared against competition. [6] [edit] Customers Customer analysis can be vast and complicated. Some of the important areas that a company analyzes includes:[5] †¢ Demographics †¢ Advertising most suitable for the demographic †¢ Market size and potential growth †¢ Customer wants and needs †¢ Motivation to buy the product †¢ Distribution channels (online, retail, wholesale, etc. ) †¢ Quantity and frequency of purchase †¢ Income level of customer [edit] Collaborators Collaborators are useful for businesses as they allow for an increase in the creation of ideas, as well as an increase in the likelihood of gaining more business opportunities. 7] The following type of collaborators are: †¢ Agencies: Agencies are the middlemen of the business world. When businesses need a specific worker who specializes in the trade, they go to a recruitment agency. [8] †¢ Suppliers: Suppliers provide raw materials that are required to build products. There are 7 different types of Suppliers: Manufacturers, wholesalers, merchants, franchisors, importe rs and exporters, independent crafts people and drop shippers. Each category of suppliers can bring a different skill and experience to the company. 9] †¢ Distributors: Distributors are important as they are the ‘holding areas for inventory’. Distributors can help manage manufacturer relationships as well as handle vendor relationships. [10] †¢ Partnerships: Business partners would share assets and liabilities, allowing for a new source of capital and skills. [11] Businesses must be able to identify whether the collaborator has the capabilities needed to help run the business as well as an analysis on the level of commitment needed for a collaborator-business relationship. [6] [edit] Climate In order to fully understand the business climate/environment there are usually many different factors that can affect a business, and if researched well it will contribute to a company that can respond well to change. An analysis on the climate is also known as the PEST analysis. The types of climate/environment firms have to analyse are: †¢ Political and regulatory environment: An Analysis of how active the government regulates the market with their policies and how it would affect the production, distribution and sale of the goods and services. Economic Environment: An Analysis of trends regarding macroeconomics, such as exchange rates and inflation rate, can prove to influence businesses. [5] †¢ Social/cultural environment: Interpreting the trends of society;[5] which includes the study of demographics, education, culture etc. †¢ Technological analysis: An analysis of technology will help improve on old routines and suggest for new methods in being more cost effici ent. In order to stay competitive and gain an advantage over others, businesses must have sufficient knowledge on the technological advances How to cite Marketing and Product, Essay examples

Nutrition Notes free essay sample

Project Introduction Do you enjoy helping people find solutions to their individual needs? Do you enjoy planning nutritious meals? For this topic, you are a dietitian. You work with clients of all ages, physical activity levels, and backgrounds to assess the individual nutritional needs and goals. You design nutritional plans and weekly menus to help clients meet their individual needs and goals. The lessons in this topic will introduce you to nutritional guidelines and resources that must guide your analysis and recommendations. Based on your interests and strengths, you will choose one of the following project options. Read over each project option description and begin to think about which one interests you the most. Option One: The Gamer Do you dislike most â€Å"healthy† foods? Do you enjoy inactive activities over activities that are more physical? Your client is a child who prefers potato chips over apple slices and video games over playing outside. We will write a custom essay sample on Nutrition Notes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He is a nine year-old male, who is 4’ 8 tall and weighs 100 pounds. On most days of the week, your client does less than 30 minutes of physical activity. If you enjoy learning about the nutritional needs of children or people who are less physically active, then this is the project option for you! Option Two: The Busy Salesperson Do you struggle to make healthy choices when eating in restaurants? Do you do an average amount of physical activity each week? Your client has recently graduated from college and is enthusiastic about her newly launched career as a sales representative. She is a 23 year-old female who is 5’ 4† tall and weighs 125 pounds On most days of the week, your client walks vigorously on the treadmill for 45 minutes while listening to her favorite music. If you enjoy learning about the nutritional needs of busy, active people, then this is the project option for you! Option Three: The Marathon Runner Are you curious about the unique nutritional needs of athletes and vegetariansVegetarians: People who choose not to include certain forms of animal products in their diet.? Do you perform a high level of physical activities? Your client loves to run in marathon races raising money and generating awareness for various issues. He is a 55 year-old male who is 5’ 11† tall and weighs 130 pounds. Your ovo-lacto vegetarian client includes dairy and eggs in his diet, but chooses not to consume red meat, poultry, fish, or shellfish. His rigorous marathon training requires him to be active for more than 60 minutes on most days of the week. If you enjoy learning about the nutritional needs of older adults and people who are more physically active than average, then this is the project option for you! Project Grading Rubric Option One: The Gamer Requirements:| Possible Points:| Nutritional plan includes an analysis of your client’s body composition, including calculated body mass index (BMI) and BMI goals. | 20| Nutritional plan identifies at least: * Two specific nutrients identified by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans as a priority for your client’s population. Three points per nutrient) * Three food sources that supply each of these nutrients. (Two points per food source)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  | 10| Nutritional plan includes a copy of the MyPlate or other reliable resource plan most appropriate for your client‘s individual needs. | 10| Nutritional plan include s a seven-day menu detailing all foods and beverages your client should consume to fulfill the MyPlate plan recommendations. | 50| Proper spelling, grammar, and punctuation. | 10| Project Grading Rubric Option Two: The Busy Salesperson  Requirements:| Possible Points:| Nutritional plan includes an analysis of your client’s body composition, including calculated body mass index (BMI) and BMI goals. | 20| Nutritional plan identifies at least: * Two specific nutrients identified by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans as a priority for your client’s population. (Three points per nutrient) * Three food sources that supply each of these nutrients. (Two points per food source)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  | 10| Nutritional plan includes a copy of the MyPlate or other reliable source plan most appropriate for your client‘s individual needs. | 10| Nutritional plan includes a seven-day menu detailing all foods and beverages your client should consume to fulfill the MyPlate plan recommendations. | 50| Proper spelling, grammar, and punctuation. | 10| Project Grading Rubric Option Three: The Marathon RunnerRequirements:| Possible Points:| Nutritional plan includes an analysis of your client’s body composition, including calculated body mass index (BMI) and BMI goals. | 20| Nutritional plan identifies at least: * Two specific nutrients identified by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans as a priority for your client’s population. Three points per nutrient) * Three food sources that supply each of these nutrients. (Two points per food source)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  | 10| Nutritional plan includes a copy of the MyPlate or other reliable source plan most appropriate for your client‘s individual needs. | 10| Nutritional plan includes a seven-day menu detailing all foods and beverages your client should consume to fulfill the MyPlate plan recommendations. | 50| Proper spelling, grammar, and punctuation. | 10| Nutrition Fact or Fiction Self-Check Determine if each of the following statements are fact or fiction. 1. All carbohydrates are bad because my body stores them as fat. Fiction Carbohydrates often have a bad rap. The truth is, excess calories from carbohydrates, proteins, and fat can ultimately be stored as fat. 2. Foods that are high in calories are unhealthy. Fiction Some foods such as peanut butter may be high in calories, but may also be nutrient-rich 3. Both of my parents are overweight so I will probably be overweight too. Fiction Heredity plays a small role in determining one’s body composition. Often, being overweight is the result of excessive calorie intake and inadequate physical activity. 4. Vegetarian diets are low in protein. Fiction Vegetarians are able to meet most of their essential protein needs by consuming complimentary foods. Beans, seeds, cheese, tofu, eggs, yogurt, milk and nuts are a few sources vegetarians use for protein. 5. Vitamins and minerals provide energy in my body. Fiction While vitamins and minerals are critical to supporting many functions of the body, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the nutrients that provide energy. 6. Snacking can be good for you. Fact As part of a well-balanced diet, healthy snacks or mini-meals can help maintain one’s energy levels throughout the day. . You should avoid foods with sugar in them. Fiction Sugars are found in fruits, honey, milk, and sugar cane and provide an important energy source. It is recommended to consume limited amounts of foods high in sugar and fat. These foods often contain a high number of calories and very little nutrition value. 8. BMI is a good indicator of health for everyone. Fictio n BMI interpretations may be misleading for the elderly and those who are more muscular than average. When analyzing health status, BMI is just one indicator to consider. 9. Healthy diets are a life-long commitment. Fact While many popular diets promise quick results, many do not support long-term healthy habits. Your dedication to maintaining a healthy, balanced diet will yield many benefits over your lifetime. 10. Many chronic illnesses are preventable with good nutrition. Fact A balanced approach to diet and physical activity can help prevent diseases such as high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and some types of cancer. Benefits and Consequences of Nutrition Benefits of Proper Nutrition: * Increased energy and sense of well being. * Increased ability to maintain a healthy body composition. Increased ability to resist illness and injury. Consequences of Poor Nutrition: * Increased risk of being overweight or obese. * Lack of mental alertness and focus. * Increased risk of cavities. * Increased risk of heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, cancer, osteoporosis, and high cholesterol. Digestive System Interactive Eyes, Nose, and Brain: Imagine eating your favorite food. Is your mouth water ing yet? As soon as we see, smell, and think about a food, the body starts producing digestive substances in anticipation of eating. Mouth The teeth and tongue break food down into pieces small enough to be swallowed. As we chew, various enzymes in our saliva start the chemical process of breaking down food. Esophagus Food travels down the esophagus and enters the stomach. Stomach Additional enzymes and hormones are released in the stomach to continue the process of breaking food down into smaller components. Pancreas, Gallbladder, and Liver While food does not actually enter the pancreas, gallbladder, and liver, these organs send important messages via hormones and enzymes to the other digestive organ to assist in digestion. Small Intestine The walls of the small intestine are responsible for absorbing the nutrients that are necessary for the body to function. Large Intestine The large intestine (or lower portion of the small intestine) absorbs water to keep the body hydrated. Anus Any remaining waste exits the body through the anus. Carbohydrates, protein, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water are the nutrients that work together to fuel the body and promote good health. Carbohydrates, protein, and fats are the calorie and energy contributing nutrients. These three, along with water, are considered macronutrientsMacronutrients: Nutrients required in larger quantities.. Vitamins and minerals are micronutrientsMicronutrients: Nutrients required in smaller quantities. essential for good health, but do not provide an energy source. * Carbohydrates * Proteins * Fats * Vitamins * Minerals * Water Carbohydrates Carbohydrates provide the body’s main source of energy for the brain, body, and nervous system. Major sources include grains, cereal, and bread products. A single serving is one slice of bread, one cup of ready-to-eat cereal, or a half cup of cooked rice, pasta, or hot cereal. Energy is converted from food in the form of calories and is supplied by three main sources. Carbohydrates for energy. * Protein for cellular growth and repair. * Fats for insulation, padding of organs, and an alternative source of energy. Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fat Interactive Let’s see what you know about the energy-rich foods. Try to identify which of the foods in the kitchen provide carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Carbohydrates: * Bread * Muffins * Fr uit * Orange Juice * Rice * Cereal Protein: * Eggs * Cheese * Ham * Milk * Peanut Butter Fat: * Butter * Cream Cheese * Creamer * Olives * Ice Cream Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats each provide an important source of calories, or energy, for the body. While each of these nutrients provides calories, the amount of calories that each one provides varies: * Carbohydrates provide four calories per gram. * Protein provides four calories per gram. * Fats provide nine calories per gram. The different types of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats support different functions of the body and come from a variety of sources. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates may be one of the most misunderstood of the energy nutrients. Many â€Å"low-carb† fad diets incorrectly warn people that â€Å"carbs† turn to fat. The fact is that excess calories from carbohydrates, proteins, or fats will be stored as body fat. Carbohydrates provide an important source of energy for the body. There are three main types of carbohydrates. * Starch * Sugar * Fiber Starch (Complex Carbohydrate)  © 2009 Jupiterimages, inc. Function: Complex carbohydrates are whole grainWhole Grain: Foods containing all the nutrients that the whole grain has to. sources of carbohydrates and provide a nutritious source of lasting energy to fuel the body. Sources: Complex carbohydrates are found in corn, peas, potatoes, beans, oats, barley, rice, bread, cereal, and pasta. Sugar (Simple Carbohydrate) 2009 Jupiterimages, inc. Function: Simple carbohydrates provide a quick source of energy, but usually lack the vitamins, minerals, and fiber that are provided by more nutritious sources of carbohydrates. Sources: Sugars naturally occur in milk and fruit or as added sugars like sugar, honey, corn syrup, or fructose. Fiber  © 2009 Jupiterimages, inc. Function: Fiber is the indigestible part of food that assists in moving waste through the body. Fiber helps us feel full and satisfied after eating and may help reduce cholesterol levels and risk of colon cancer. Sources: Fiber is found in most fruits and vegetables and whole grains such as pasta, cereal, beans, peas, and nuts. Protein Do you think the following statement is true or false? Eating more protein will help your muscles grow larger and stronger. The answer is false. While proteins do provide the amino acids necessary to build and repair muscle tissue, just eating protein will not enhance the size or function of your muscles. Physical activity that provides resistance to the muscles is the only way to enhance muscle tissue. You may not think about this every day, but your body is constantly rebuilding and repairing itself. Your hair, skin, and nails are constantly growing. If trauma or injury occurs, the body starts immediately working to rebuild tissues. Protein is a component of just about every part of the body including muscles, organs, bones, blood vessels, blood, skin, hair, and nails. Protein provides the amino acids or building blocks necessary for the body to rebuild and repair. There are two main types of proteins. * Complete Proteins * Incomplete Proteins Complete Proteins Sources: Foods containing a good proportion of the essential amino acids such as buckwheat, eggs, cheese, milk, yogurt, and meats. Typically, animal-based proteins fall into this category. Incomplete Proteins  © 2009 Jupiterimages, inc. Sources: Foods containing some of the essential amino acids such as beans, lentils, nuts, and grains. Incomplete proteins must be eaten with another protein source such as legumes and seeds, legumes and nuts, or legumes and grains to obtain a complete protein. Typically, plant-based proteins fall into this category. Fats Fats are a concentrated source of energy that improve the taste and texture of many foods. Fats help carry the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. While all fats should be consumed in moderation, some kinds of fats are better for your health than others. There are two main types of fats. * Saturated Fats * Unsaturated Fats Saturated Fats Saturated fats (or unhealthy fats) are fats from foods of animal origin and are usually solid at room temperature. Function: While saturated fats may contribute to hormone balance in the body, saturated fats in excess have mostly negative effects in the body. Sources:   Saturated fats are typically found in animal fats, which are commonly found in meat, poultry, milk, lard, butter, cheese, ice cream, and egg yolks. Transfats raise your LDL (â€Å"bad†) cholesterol and lower your HDL (â€Å"good†) cholesterol. * Consuming too many unhealthy fats may result in unhealthy blood cholesterol levels and a buildup of cholesterol on artery walls. Eergy Nutrients Self-Check Check your understanding on energy nutrients with the following self-check by matching the term with the correspondi ng definition or characteristic. Term| Definition or Characteristic| LDL| Bad Cholesterol| Proteins| Builds Muscles| Unsaturated Fats| Vegetable Fats| Carbohydrates| Major Source of Energy| Fiber| The Indigestible Part of Food| HDL| Good Cholesterol| Amino Acids| The Body’s Building Blocks for Repair| Saturated Fats| Animal Fats| Sugary Carbohydrates| Empty Calories, Few Nutrients| Transfats| Raises LDL Cholesterol| Vitamins, Minerals, and Water Self-Check Let’s see what you know about the energy-rich foods. Try to identify which of the foods in the kitchen provide carbohydrates, protein, and fat. The main ingredient of most sports and energy drinks is water. Water is the main ingredient in most sports and energy drinks. The ________ in most sports and energy drinks provide energy nutrients. carbohydrates Carbohydrates provide the calories used for energy. A recent study by the American College of Sports Medicine determined that ______ is an excellent post-workout beverage. chocolate milk A study of athletes found that chocolate milk enhanced muscle recovery after intense workouts better than a high-carbohydrate energy drink. I am going for a 30 minute jog. Consuming a sports drink fortified with electrolytes will not be necessary. Replacing electrolytes is really only necessary for physical activity lasting longer than one hour. One can prevent dehydration by consuming adequate fluids. Consuming water and other beverages and foods containing water will help prevent dehydration. For most people supplementation of vitamins and minerals is unnecessary. The majority of people get adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals from food intake. Vitamins, minerals, and water are ______ nutrients. essential Vitamins, minerals, and water are essential nutrients because the body must obtain them from food sources. Supplementation is suggested for individuals who are pregnant. People with increased nutritional needs or known deficiencies may need supplementation. Supplementation will not help a person feel more energetic or affect ones body weight. Vitamins There are three basic characteristics that you need to know about vitamins. * Vitamins are chemical substances found in very small amounts in food. * You need only small amounts for normal growth and maintenance of the body. * Vitamins do not supply energy but help in the absorption of nutrients. There are two main groups of vitamins. Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed directly into the blood, travel freely throughout the body, and are flushed out easily. Fat-soluble vitamins are first absorbed into the lymph system and are stored in the liver and fat deposits in the body. You need only small amounts for normal growth and maintenance of the body. It is important you do not eat a large amount of fat-soluble vitamins because too much can cause toxicity in the body. Select each of the vitamins below to learning their functions, source, and signs of deficiency. Vitamins Presentation Water-Soluble Vitamins B Complex Function: B Complex vitamins are a group of vitamins essential for growth, development, carbohydrate metabolism, and a variety of other bodily functions. Source: Liver, Yeast, Whole-Grain Cereals, Rice, Nuts, Milk, Eggs, Fish, Fruits, and Leafy, Green Vegetables Signs of Deficiency: Muscular Weakness, Leg Cramps, Skin Lesions, Sensitivity to light, Skin Disorders, and Anemia Vitamin C Function: Vitamin C plays an important role in the formation and maintenance of collagen, the protein that supports many body structures, and bones and teeth and enhances the absorption of iron from foods of vegetable origin. Source: Citrus Fruits, Fresh Strawberries, Cantaloupe, Pineapple, Guava, Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Tomatoes, Spinach, Kale, Green Peppers, Cabbage, and Turnips Signs of Deficiency: Skin Disorders, Depression, and Loss of Teeth Fat-Soluble Vitamins Vitamin A Function: Vitamin A affects the formation and maintenance of skin, mucous membranes, bones, teeth, vision, and reproduction. Sources: Carrots, Broccoli, Squash, Spinach, Kale, Sweet Potatoes, Milk, Butter, Cheese, Egg Yolk, Liver, and Fish-Liver Oil Signs of Deficiency: Night Blindness, Skin Dryness, and Dry Eyes Vitamin D Function: Vitamin D is necessary for normal bone formation and retention of calcium and phosphorus in the body and protects the teeth and bones against the effects of low calcium. Sources: Exposure to Sunlight, Egg Yolk, Liver, Tuna, and Vitamin D-Fortified Milk Signs of Deficiency: Rickets, which causes deformities of the rib cage and skull and bowlegs. Vitamin E Function: Vitamin E plays a role in forming red blood cells, muscle, and other tissues and preventing the oxidation of vitamin A and fats. Sources: Vegetable Oils, Margarine, Whole Grains, Cereal, Bread, Wheat Germ, Liver, and Leafy Green Vegetables Signs of Deficiency: Deficiency of Vitamin E is rare. Vitamin K Function: Vitamin K is necessary mainly for the coagulation or clotting of blood. Sources: Alfalfa, Fish Liver, Leafy Green Vegetables, Egg Yolks, and Soybean Oil Signs of Deficiency: Mild blood clotting disorders Minerals There are five basic characteristics that you need to know about minerals. * Minerals are found in edible plants for animals that have eaten plants. * Help build body tissue and regulate body processes such as hormones, enzymes, nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions. * Minerals have no caloric value and thus do not contribute as an energy resource, but they are important in regulating various bodily functions. * Disease and eficiencies can occur if you are lacking too many minerals. * Over 20 different minerals have been identified. There are two main groups of minerals. Macrominerals occur in large amounts in foods and in the body. We need 100mg per day or more of macrominerals. Microminerals (or trace minerals) are needed in very small amounts. Select each of the minerals below to learning their functions, source, and signs of def iciency. Minerals Presentation Macrominerals Calcium Function: Calcium assists in the building and maintenance of healthy bones and teeth and function of nervous system. Source: Milk Products, Fortified Orange Juice, Tofu, and Spinach Signs of Deficiency: Weakened bones and teeth, leading to osteoporosis. Magnesium Function: Magnesium assists in functions of muscles and nerves, regulation of body temperature, and bone strength. Source: Fortified Cereals, Leafy Green Vegetables, Nuts, and Beans Signs of Deficiency: Muscle spasms, Cramps, and Improper Nervous System Responses Phosphorus Function: Phosphorus helps cells to produce energy, which is vital in bone growth. Source: Meats, Dairy Products, Poultry, and Whole-Grain Products Signs of Deficiency: Poor Mineralization of Bones, Reduced Growth Potential, and General Weakness Potassium Function: Potassium assists in functions of muscles and nerves and helps maintain a healthy balance of body fluids. Source: Leafy, Green Vegetables, Meats, Milk Products, Bananas, and Citrus Fruits Signs of Deficiency: Cramping, Weakness, Heart Palpitations, Thirst, and Abnormal Psychological Behavior Sodium Function: Sodium assists in function of muscles and nerves and helps maintain healthy balance of body fluids. Source: Table Salt, Processed Deli Meats and Cheeses, Canned Foods, Cola Drinks, and Pre-packaged Dry and Frozen Meals Signs of Deficiency: Low Blood Pressure, Fatigue, Poor Concentration, Memory Loss, and Digestive Distress. Microminerals Chromium Function: Chromium helps the body maintain optimal blood sugar levels. Source: Meats, Vegetable Oils, Egg Yolks, and Whole-Grain Products Signs of Deficiency: Glucose Intolerance and Mood Swings Copper Function: Copper helps the body process iron and produce red blood cells. Source: Liver, Nuts, Whole-Grain Products, and Cocoa Rare Signs of Deficiency: Slowed Growth, Hair Loss, Fatigue, and Skin Sores. Fluoride Function: Fluoride helps prevent tooth decay and assist in bone growth. Source: Many public sources of water and dental products are fortified with fluoride. Signs of Deficiency: Tooth Decay and Weakening of Tooth Enamel Iodine Function: Iodine is used by the thyroid to create important hormones. Source: Iodized Salt and Fish Signs of Deficiency: Negative effects on growth and brain development, related to thyroid malfunction. Iron Function: Iron helps the red blood cells transport oxygen to the body. Source: Fortified Cereals, Beans, Leafy, Green Vegetables, and Red Meats Signs of Deficiency: Iron-Deficiency Anemia (Shortness of breath, dizziness, fatigue, headache, coldness in your hands or feet, pale skin, gums, and nail beds, and chest pain. ) Manganese Function: Manganese assists in bone growth. Source: Nuts, Beans, Teas, and Whole-Grain Products Signs of Deficiency: Weak Tendons and Ligaments, Decreased Growth Potential, Digestive Disorders, and Abnormal Bone Development Molybdenum Function: Molybdenum helps the body process proteins. Source: Beans, Whole-Grain Products, and Nuts Signs of Deficiency: Rare in healthy people Selenium Function: Selenium helps protect cells and regulate hormones in the body. Source: Liver, Shellfish, and Eggs Signs of Deficiency: Muscle Weakness and Premature Aging. Zinc Function: Zinc assists in the growth and repair of body tissues and function of immune, reproduction, and nervous systems. Source: Shellfish, Liver, Red Meat, Poultry, Fortified Cereal, Nuts, and Dairy Products Signs of Deficiency: Delay in Wound Healing, Hair Loss, Loss of Appetite, Skin Dryness and Rashes, and Reduced Sense of Taste. Supplements While most people get all of the nutrients they need to stay healthy from the foods they eat, taking additional vitamins or minerals in the form of a supplement may be beneficial for people who have increased nutritional needs or lack nutrients in their diets. While there are many scenarios that warrant supplementation, one example the Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends is that people over 50 may need to supplement their diet with certain B vitamins. Additionally, women of childbearing age who may become pregnant, pregnant women, or those suffering from anemia may need to supplement their iron intake. There are benefits and risks to taking supplements. Being aware of these benefits and risks help us make healthy choices. * Supplement Benefits * Supplement Risks Supplement Benefits * Supplements can provide nutrition for people who may lack nutrients in their diet. * Supplements can provide nutrition for individuals with increased nutritional needs such as pregnancy or illness. Water Did you know that a person can live about a month without food, but can only live about a week without water depending on various conditions? Water is the most abundant substance in the human body. Without it, the body, from the smallest cell, to the largest organ, does not function properly. It is necessary for healthy living. A person needs about two and a half quarts of water from the foods and fluid intake in his or her diet each day. DehydrationDehydration: When a person loses more fluids than he or she takes in. is a serious condition that occurs when our bodies are deprived of water. It is important to be aware of the signs and know how to prevent dehydration and heat-related illnesses. * Signs of Dehydration * Preventing Dehydration Signs of Dehydration A common misconception is that being thirsty is a sign of dehydration. Thirst is not an early warning sign of dehydration. By the time you are thirsty you may already be dehydrated. Signs of dehydration include: * Feeling dizzy or lightheaded. * Having a dry or sticky mouth. * Producing less urine and darker urine. When dehydration is prolonged and a person is exposed to excessive or prolonged heat and humidity, heat-related illnesses may occur. In addition to the symptoms of dehydration, a person experiencing a heat-related illness may experience these symptoms: Heat Cramps: Muscle cramps, flushed, moist skin, and/or a mild fever of less than 102 degrees Fahrenheit. Heat Exhaustion: Muscle cramps, pale, moist skin, fatigue, feeling of faintness or weakness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and a fever over 102 degrees Fahrenheit. Heat Stroke: Warm, dry skin, rapid heart rate, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, confusion, agitation, seizures, coma, a high fever of over 104 degrees Fahrenheit, and death. Water Self-Check Identify the correct answer for each of the questions below. 1. Water is necessary to survive. . Water is important in helping things flow and move through the body. How does water help your body to function? Proper hydration helps the body regulate body temperature. 3. Water helps things move in the digestive system. Describe how it is involved there. Water is needed for digestive juices, urine, and bowel movements. 4. Water also functions in our bodys cooling system. Which way does water not cool the body? When you have a fever drinking water can help cool your body. 5. What are some ways we lose water? Sweating, vomiting, and using the bathroom 6. What can you do to replace the water that is lost from the body? Drink water Eat foods that have lots of water in them such as fruits and vegetables 7. How can you prepare for the water loss that occurs during exercise? Drink water before, during, and after your exercise. Don’t forget to take your water bottle! 8. What are some ways to prevent dehydration? Drink lots of fluids, stay in the shade, and wear lose clothing and a hat 9. What types of drinks should you avoid when playing sports? Caffeinated soda 10. How many glasses of water do you need a day? Eight (but you need to drink enough to satisfy your thirst) Micronutrients and Water Flash Cards Vitamins, Minerals, and Water: These three nutrients provide no calories, but are essential to good health. Water-soluble Vitamins: Vitamins absorbed directly into the blood, travel freely throughout the body, and are flushed out easily. Fat-soluble Vitamins: When large amounts of this type of vitamin are stored in the liver and fat deposits in the body, it may cause toxic effects. Sources of Vitamin A: Carrots, sweet potatoes, milk, butter, egg yolks, and liver. Sources of Vitamin C: Citrus fruits, strawberries, spinach, and broccoli. Sources of Calcium: Yogurt, milk, cheese, fortified orange juice, and spinach. Sources of Iron: Red meat, fortified cereals, and leafy green vegetables. Calcium and Magnesium: Minerals vital for bone growth. Potassium and Sodium: Minerals that help maintain a healthy balance of body fluids. Sources of Potassium: Bananas, leafy green vegetables, meats, milk products, and citrus fruits. Fluoride: Many public water sources are fortified with this mineral necessary for healthy teeth and bones. Supplements: May be recommended for people lacking nutrients in their diet. Water: The most abundant substance in the human body. Dehydration: Symptoms include thirst, dizziness, dry mouth, and less urine production. Heat Cramps: Symptoms include muscle cramps, flushed moist skin, and mild fever. Heat Exhaustion: Symptoms include muscle cramps, pale moist skin, fever over 102 degrees fahrenheit, and fatigue. Heat Stroke: Symptoms include warm, dry skin, fever over 104 degrees fahrenheit, rapid heart rate, and confusion. Project Milestone Two For Nutrition: Project Milestone One you kept a food and physical activity log for 24 hours and analyzed your caloric balance to determine if your caloric balance aligned with your BMI goals. For Nutrition: Project Milestone Two you will analyze your nutrient intake to determine if you are obtaining the recommended amounts from the foods you eat. 1. Use a reliable resource or tool such as the USDA Super Tracker to assess your nutrient intake for at least five different nutrients including calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin C, and sodium. Note: If you choose to use the USDA Super Tracker tool, follow the steps below to conduct your Nutrient Analysis. 2. * Select the Food-A-Pedia link to begin your search. * Enter each of the food items on your food log. Locate and select the food item in the search results. * Choose the amount of each food item or beverage you consumed in the drop down menu next to the search results. * Select Add to Food Tracker for each food item. * After all foods are added to the Food Tracker, go to the menu bar, roll over My Reports, roll down to and select Nutrients Reports * Insert the date range when you entered the foods to view your nutrient repor t. 1. Identify at least two micronutrients which your analysis indicated your intake was less than the â€Å"Recommendation or Acceptable Range.    Suggest at least two food sources of each nutrient that you could consume more of to reach the recommended intake. Example: Nutrient One:   I consumed less __________ than is recommended or within an acceptable range. I could eat more _________ and _________ to obtain more of this nutrient in my diet. Nutrient Two:   I consumed less __________ than is recommended or within an acceptable range. I could eat more _________ and _________ to obtain more of this nutrient in my diet. 2. Identify at least two micronutrients which your analysis indicated your intake was more than the â€Å"Recommendation or Acceptable Range. †Ã‚   Suggest at least two food sources of each nutrient that you could consume less of to reach the recommended intake. Example: Nutrient One:   I consumed more __________ than is recommended or within an acceptable range. I could eat less _________ and _________ to consume less of this nutrient in my diet. Nutrient Two:   I consumed more __________ than is recommended or within an acceptable range. I could eat less _________ and _________ to consume less of this nutrient in my diet.

Noise and Interference in Various Types of Communication

Noise and Interference in Various Types of Communication In communication studies and information theory, noise  refers to anything that interferes with the communication process between a speaker and an audience. It is also called interference. Noise can be external (a physical sound) or internal (a mental disturbance), and it can disrupt the communication process at any point. Another way to think of noise, says Alan Jay Zaremba, is as a factor that reduces the chances of successful communication but does not guarantee failure. (Crisis Communication: Theory and Practice, 2010) Noise is like second-hand smoke, says Craig E. Carroll, having negative impacts on people without anyones consent. (The Handbook of Communication and Corporate Reputation, 2015) Examples and Observations External noises are sights, sounds and other stimuli that draw peoples attention away from the message. For instance, a pop-up advertisement may draw your attention away from a web page or blog. Likewise, static or service interruptions can play havoc in cell phone conversations, the sound of a fire engine may distract you from a professors lecture or the smell of donuts may interfere with your train of thought during a conversation with a friend. (Kathleen Verderber, Rudolph Verderber, and Deanna Sellnows, Communicate! 14th ed. Wadsworth Cengage 2014) Kinds of Noise There are four kinds of noise. Physiological noise is a distraction caused by hunger, fatigue, headaches, medication and other factors that affect how we feel and think. Physical noise is interference in our environments, such as noises made by others, overly dim or bright lights, spam and pop-up ads, extreme temperatures, and crowded conditions. Psychological noise refers to qualities in us that affect how we communicate and interpret others. For instance, if you are preoccupied with a problem, you may be inattentive at a team meeting. Likewise, prejudice and defensive feelings can interfere with communication. Finally, semantic noise exists when words themselves are not mutually understood. Authors sometimes create semantic  noise by using jargon  or unnecessarily technical language. (Julia T. Wood, Interpersonal Communication: Everyday Encounters, 6th ed. Wadsworth 2010) Noise in Rhetorical Communication Noise...refers to any element that interferes  with the generation of the intended meaning in the mind of the receiver...Noise may arise in the source, in the channel; or in the receiver. This factor of  noise  is not an essential part of the rhetorical  communication process. The  communication process  is always hampered to some degree if noise is present. Unfortunately, noise is almost always present. As a cause of failure in rhetorical communication, noise in the receiver is second only to noise in the source. Receivers of rhetorical communication are people, and no two people are exactly alike. Consequently, it is impossible for the source to determine the exact effect that a message will have upon a given receiver...The noise within the receiver- the psychology of the receiver- will determine to a great extent what the receiver will perceive. (James C McCroskey, An Introduction to Rhetorical Communication: A Western Rhetorical Perspective, 9th ed.; Routledge, 2016) Noise in Intercultural Communication For effective communication in an intercultural interaction, participants must rely on a common language, which usually means that one or more individuals will not be using their native tongue. Native fluency in a second language is difficult, especially when nonverbal behaviors are considered. People who use another language will often have an accent or might misuse a word or phrase, which can adversely affect the receivers understanding of the message. This type of distraction referred to as semantic noise, also encompasses jargon, slang  and even specialized professional terminology. (Edwin R. McDaniel et al., Understanding Intercultural Communication: The Working Principles. Intercultural Communication: A Reader, 12th ed., ed. by Larry A Samovar, Richard E Porter and Edwin R McDaniel, Wadsworth, 2009)

Poetry Rhythm And Metre †Part 1

Poetry Rhythm And Metre – Part 1 Poetry Rhythm And Metre Part 1 Poetry Rhythm And Metre Part 1 By Simon Kewin Previous poetry writing tips have looked at rhyme and alliteration. Another fundamental aspect of poetic language is its rhythm. This post is the first of two that will look at this topic and the related notion of metre (or, if you prefer, meter). In the English language, rhythm is created by a series of stressed and unstressed syllables. This is something we all do quite naturally when we speak, often without even realizing we are doing it. In the word â€Å"poetry†, for example, most readers would naturally stress the first syllable and not the second or third. Using capitalization to indicate the stressed syllable you could spell the word out like this : PO-e-try. Saying it with different stresses – po-E-try or po-e-TRY – will probably sound completely wrong. The poet has always to have an ear for how her or his words will sound when read out aloud. As with rhyme, the reader will automatically pick out any repeated patterns in the words of a poem and react to them. The words will start to sound more musical, more significant. More attention will be paid to stressed syllables and this, perhaps in combination with rhyme or another device, will lend weight to certain words and ideas. To illustrate the use of rhythmic language in poetry, take for example the opening lines from Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Church-Yard: The curfew tolls the knell of parting day, The lowing herd winds slowly oer the lea, Chances are, most readers would read those lines with these stressed syllables : The CURfew TOLLS the KNELL of PARting DAY, The LOWing HERD winds SLOWly Oer the LEA, As you can see, the pattern is very regular. The lines consist of a repeated pattern of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Gray has chosen each word with great care, to ensure that they fit into this rhythm. The rhythm is not arbitrary; rather it reflects the meaning of the words. Its slow regularity chimes well with the sound of the ringing bell (the â€Å"curfew†) and also with the plodding steps of the cattle as they trudge home. Where there is a clear pattern like this throughout a poem, this is referred to as the poem’s metre. This doesn’t necessarily mean that a poem has to slavishly follow that pattern. Some poetry dispenses with metre completely – for example Anglo-Saxon verse (such as Beowulf) or more modern free verse. But, even where there is a metre, poets will often depart from it to a degree, for example dropping or adding syllables here and there, perhaps to make the language sound more naturalistic. The metre may be considered the primary rhythm of a poem, but variations to it can still be introduced. You’ll find the ear can still pick out an overall rhythmic effect even when there is quite a lot of variation from it. This can be a fine balance to strike for the poet. Poetry that follows its metre too slavishly can start to sound sing-song and comic. Too little adherence to the metre and the musical effect of the rhythm is lost. Consider, for example, the following lines from the opening of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 116 : Let me not to the marriage of true minds Admit impediments. Love is not love If you read this out aloud you should able to hear an overall metre similar to that of Gray. At the same time, there is considerable variation and a strictly metrical reading would sound very odd. Shakespeare was well aware of his metre but allowed himself to deviate from it. There are, in fact, numerous standard metres often employed by poets, and some useful terms to get to grips with to discuss them. These will be looked at in a subsequent post. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"Best Websites to Learn English

Cost Accounting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cost Accounting - Research Paper Example Among the various costing methods, absorption costing and marginal costing are the two important tools that are widely used for managerial decision making. This piece of research paper describes the differences between these two methods and explains the arguments for and against these costing methods. Marginal Costing As Lucey and Lucey (2002, p. 296) defined, marginal costing is an accounting system in which variable costs are charged to some specific cost units for a period of time and fixed costs are fully written off against the total contribution, which is the value of sales less variable costs. Marginal costing is widely used and is considered to be more effective and useful in the valuation of stocks and in the calculation of total costs of goods sold because of that only variable manufacturing costs are considered in this type of costing method. Variable manufacturing costs are considered in this costing method as they are attributed to the cost units and fixed costs are igno red. Marginal cost and variable production costs are more often used interchangeably. When ever an extra one unit of the output is manufactured, the additional cost incurred for manufacturing that one extra unit will be ultimately variable because the fixed cost remains always constant. Weygandt, Keiso and Kimmel (2005, p. 265) pointed that fixed manufacturing costs are never considered to be production costs and these are not considered in the inventory valuation as well as in management’s decision making process. Marginal costing is a strategic managerial accounting tool that can be used to disseminate managerial information about costs incurred in the manufacturing and other business operation and relationship between some of the significant elements such as profit, volume, costs and efficiency. Glautier and Underdown (2001, p. 441), found that the very basic advantage of using marginal costing is that it is an easy success-pathway for the management to make proper decisio n and achieve business success accordingly. Absorption Costing Absorption or full costing, in contrast, considers all the manufacturing costs including both variable and fixed costs. All manufacturing costs are fully attributed and absorbed to the final output (Jawahar-Lal, 2008, p. 627). direct costs are attributed directly to the cost units and thus they can easily be identified along with the output, whereas manufacturing overheads are attributed to the product and other overheads including administration and selling expenses. As Williams, Haka and Bettner (2004, p. 923) argued, the use of absorption costing will be very effective when the variable costs such as direct material costs and direct labor costs are directly charged to the product and fixed costs are charged proportionately to different products manufactured during a particular period of time. One of the criticisms that absorption method of costing faces is that it presumes prices as the functions of the costs and thus demand of the product is less considered. It includes past costs that are relatively less relevant to the current pricing and is therefore relatively less dependable for managerial decision making. Absorption costing may not be an

Classical Economists and Their Philosophy Literature review

Classical Economists and Their Philosophy - Literature review Example All the terms are part of the business strategy which is actually and play a decisive role in constructing marketing tactics (Stigler, 1957). The classical economists had always talked about business tactics. The idea of growth and competitor business strategy is part of their explanation. Here are some who described economics and behavioural finance in all different perspective: Among major terminologies of economics, the classical economists have given much importance to the term â€Å"Competition†. Competition is something that surrounds the basic business environment, in which there are competitors, consumers and the market. Entrepreneurs call it a â€Å"business constraint†, as it changes for the success or failure of business at the same time. The economists have provided several teachings in understanding the term â€Å"competition†. This is for the business strategists and those who seek technical strength for competing in the market. In the late 19th cen tury just after World War II ended, the term â€Å"competition† was felt in different occasions of the business culture. The business strategists discussed it on all intense occasions of the business and tried to fit it in different situations like in a situation of a â€Å"perfect market† or a situation of â€Å"business equilibrium† (balance of supply and demand). ... According to Smith, one is excessive supply tactics where the prices get automatically high for competition, while the other is fewer supply tactics where the prices increase and set a demand. This is how competition floats in the market, and the rivals plan according to the same effective strategy (Stigler, 1957). Adam Smith emphasized on following five conditions which set a competitive advantage of one entrepreneur to another: The competitors should work independently instead of working collectively. A competitor should attain an advantage by minimizing the advantage for the next competitor. The competitor should attain full knowledge of the market to attain a parallel advantage. The competitors are free to work on such knowledge. Resources should be vitally utilized in order to stabilize the presence in the market. The following above statements worked in the agriculture sector where there is no such â€Å"monopoly â€Å"according to modern economists. However, the idea of comp etition is quite clear in a general way as everyone knew how to race in an environment where the competition is simply to bid one another. This is the definition of â€Å"business environment† which modern economists summarize in their literature work (Stigler, 1957). John Elliott Cairnes and â€Å"Industrial Competition† J.E.Cairnes a pioneer of classical economist got labelled in Industrial competition. He described competition as a condition where there is an exchange of capital and labour between the Industrial partners. He focused on the environment of non-competing Industrial groups. In case of capital, his ideology got successfully applied as capital is easy to transfer and sacrifice, but in the labour, it gets hard because the workmen are solely dedicated to their specialized field and cannot compromise their profession in terms of extra remuneration or wage.     

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Gene Expression

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Gene Expression Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the gram negative rod shaped bacteria is found in all natural and man made environments. the organism is so stubburn so that it can grow in any environment and also at high temperatures such as 420C. The unique ability of the organism is forming biofilm. The biofilms are formed by the organism with the association with a surface. The surface may be anything such as cloth, paper, glass etc and any artificial surface. It is the opportunistic pathogen which behaves neutral to the normal tissues but it infects once the defences of them are compromised. The development of the biofilm starts with the attachment of the freely moving planktonic cell to a surface. Generally the twitching motility of the P.aeruginosa helps to use its unipolar flagellum to adhere a surface. The bacterium develops colonies known as microcolonies and adhere to the surface strongly which are known as pili structures (Baron S et al.,1996). During the biofilm development several factors pla ys a key role mainly the exopolymeric matrix. The EPS matrix is not visualised directly, but it can be done by using some fluorescent dyes. The functioning of the EPS matrix in holding cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa together and forming the mature biofilms. The biofilm develops with cell division and recruitment. The cells interacts via quorum sensing and these interactions are studied under scanning electron microscopy. The biofilm formation takes place in stages and many changes are observed in its size and shape during the development. The EPS matrix is made up of polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids. The exopolysaccharide matrix is the important component of the biofilm. The exopolysaccharide genes such as pilB, pslA, lecA, ureB and alginate genes are responsible for the formation of pseudomonas biofilms. The locus of the psl polysacchide genes encode the cells to adhere to a surface and thus maintaining the biofilm structure. In this research project we try to quantify the gene expression of the above genes pilB, pslA, lecA, ureB using rpoD as the house keeping gene. The biofilms are grow invitro on microcarriers. The microcarriers made up of dextrons in the range of 60-90 µm in size are used as a surface for Pseudomonas aeruginosa to form biofilms. The microcarriers are spherical in size where the bacteria can easily adhere on surface. In this present work we try to grow planktonic cultures and biofilms cultures on the microcarriers in a fermentor separately. The genes responsible for the biofilm formation are quantified by comparing the planktonic and biofilm samples. The planktonic cells grow very rapidly whereas the bacterial adhering takes some time to form biofilm in other case. The samples are collected at regular intervals and mRNA is extracted. The gene expression is quantified using real time PCR. The relative quantification method of qPCR or real time PCR method does not require any standard curve for the analysis where the samples are normalised by using an internal control. The threshold CT values obtained from the curve are used to calculate relative quantification by comparative à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  CT method. The results from the planktonic and biofilm gene expression results are compared. On the other hand we also assay the nutrients such as glucose, ammonia, phosphorus and protease during the fermentation. The concentration levels of the nutrients are also compared for both biofilm and planktonic fermentation. Review of literature: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a member of gamma proteobacteria class of bacteria. The bacteria is gram negative, rod shaped and aerobic belongs to the bacterial family of pseudomonadanceae. The recent developments in the taxonomy based on the 16s ribosomal RNA or conserved macromolecules, the family members are divided into eight groups. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a species present in this group sharing the with other twelve members. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a free-living bacterium, commonly found in soil, water, skin flora and in all man made environments. The organism regularly occurs on the surfaces of the plants and animals. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an occasional pathogen to plants. It is also an increasingly emerging pathogen of clinical relevance. The organism not thrives in the normal atmosphere but also in the places with little oxygen and thus forms the colonies in natural and artificial environments. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen for humans, which means that it exploits some break in the host defences to initiate an infection. The bacteria never infects the uncompromised tissues, but it can infect any if the tissue defences are comprised. It can cause infections such as urinary tract, respiratory system infection, soft tissue infection dermatitis, gastro intestinal infections. It causes a variety of systemic infections in patients particularly with severe burns and immune suppressed in cases of cancer, AIDS, cystic fibrosis in lungs. Characteristics Pseudomonas aeruginosa is rod shaped gram negative bacteria. The size of it ranges between 0.5 to 0.8  µm by 1.5 to 3.0  µm. almost all the strains of Pseudomonas are motile with a unipolar flagellum. It is ubiquitous in soil ,water and on the surfaces in contact with water or soil. It has respiratory metabolism and can grow in the absence of oxygen if NO3 is available as respiratory acceptor for electron. Generally the bacterium is found in nature in the form of biofilm attached to a surface or substrate, or in the planktonic form as a unicellular organism swimming actively with its unipolar flagellum. It is one of the most vigorous and fast swimming organism found in pond waters. It can grow at temperatures at 42OC or high, but the optimum temperature is 30 to 37OC. it is resistible to a wide variety of physical conditions such as temperature and can even resist the salts, dyes, antiseptics and most commonly used antibiotics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces different types of colonies from the source they have isolated. They appear like small and rough colonies. Moreover the samples collected from the clinical sources look like a fried egg like structure which is smooth, large with elevated appearance. The other type of colonies obtained from the respiratory and urinary tract secretions looks like mucoid.this mucoid appearance is attributes for the production of alginate slime. These smooth, mucous colonies presumably plays an important part in the colonization and virulence. Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces two types of soluble pigments. Pyocyanin which is a blue-green and a yellow-green and fluorescent pigment called as pyoverdin. Pyocyanin is produced abundantly in the media with low levels of iron and also functions for the iron metabolism of the organism. Many strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces pyocyanin but not all the strains does it. Although the organism is classified as the aerobic, sometimes the organism is considered as facultative anaerobe where it can adapt and proliferate the conditions with less or total O2 depletion. The organism can grow in the absence of oxygen if NO3 is available as respiratory acceptor for electron. It can ferment arginine by substrate level phosphorylation where the layers of alginate present surrounding the mucoid cells of the bacteria controls the diffusion of oxygen(Collins FM, 1955), this is witnessed in the cystic fibrosis of the lung infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is found in the biofilm form is responsible for a variety of activities involved which are natural and artificial. Resistance to antibiotics Pseudomonas aeruginosa is opportunistic pathogen, has a notorious resistance to antibiotics. The organism is very resistance towards many antibiotics due to the potential permeability barrier provided by the gram negative membrane. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the biofilm form makes the cells impervious to the concentrations of the therapeutic antibiotic. The organism gets associated with others like actinomycytes, moulds and bacillus because of the natural environment they live. Moreover the organism have antibiotic resistance plasmids R factors and RTFs, the genes are able transferred by conjugation and transduction following the mechanism horizontal gene transfer(HGT) (Todar.K,2008). Biofilms Biofilms are defined as a matrix enclosed bacterial populations which are adherent to each surfaces or interfaces. Microbial aggregates and floccules and also adherent populations within the pore spaces of the media are spoken in the definition (Costerton J.W, et al 1995).bacterial biofilms came into existence and became significant from their first recognition in their ubiquity. The past researches show that profoundly the growth phase of the biofilms is distinct from the planktonic. In response to the surfaces proximity, bacterial cells alter their phenotypes (Costerton J.W, et al, 1995). The early stages of biofilm formation the bacteria is in stable juxta position with those of same and other species. The micro environmental conditions, cellular juxtapositions and the extra cellular polysaccharide matrix constitute to the development of the bacterial biofilm. Different bacteria responds to the specific environmental conditions with certain growth patterns, and a structurally comp lex and mature biofilm develops(Hamilton W.A et al, 1987). Physiological cooperation is the major criteria in shaping structure and juxta positions establishment to make biofilms adherent for the surfaces. It has been proposed that large suites of genes are expressed differentially regulated. Formation The formation of the biofilm initially starts with the attachment of the freely floating bacterial cells to a surface. The bacterial colonies adhere to the surface with weak vander wall forces. These colonies can lead themselves to more adhesion called as pili structures (Baron S et al.,1996). The organism adheres more to the available surface by binary fission, exopolymeric matrix is produced to develop mature biofilms. The matrix produced holds the biofilm together. Biofilm develops with cell division and recruitment, the cell in the biofilm communicate via quorum sensing. We can observe changes in shape and size in the final stages of biofilm formation. Distribution and ubiquity of biofilms The general phenotypic strategy of organism is to change in the mode of growth that to adopt to the altering growth conditions. The cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is a ubiquitous bacterial species respond to all favourable nutrient conditions. The organism adheres to the available surface by binary fission, exopolymeric matrix is produced to develop mature biofilms. The rod shaped bacteria grows in matrix which is enclosed in a sessile growth mode. The cells are protected from the biological, antibacterial, chemical agents and adverse environmental conditions. The periodically shed planktonic cells from the biofilm provide and sacrifice the protection to the new fresh habitats can colonize with the biofilm. The adherent biofilm populations has a significant metabolic activities( Fletcher.M, 1986). The extent of biofilm formation is predicted in the particular system is based on the following principles: Metabolically active bacteria show tendency towards the surfaces for adhesion in all natural environments. In all environmental conditions the extent of biofilm formation is controlled by the available nutrient for cell respiration and exopolysaccharide production. The organic nutrients sometimes tend to associate with the surfaces, in such cases the local biofilm is difficult to trigger. This is more in extremely oligotrophical environments, but bacteria normally does not adhere to surfaces in nutrient less environments. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms The communities of microbial bacteria(Pseudomonas aeruginosa) forms a definite structures with the association with surfaces are abundantly available environment. These structures are often called as biofilms which are less susceptible to antimicrobial agents. These biofilms causes chronic infections and very difficult to remove. The extracellular polymeric matrix(EPS) are known to holds the biofilm structure and it performs as a matrix. The EPS matrix holds the biofilm cells together and protects them from shear forces in fludic environments. The extra cellular matrix for Pseudomonas aeruginosa forms the biofilm development in different stages. The matrix holds the cells together on the surface and forms a critical structural design resists to many environmental changes. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm develops in a five stage multicellular cycles, the process is initiated by the attachment of planktonic (free) cells to a surface. This is followed by the formation of microcolonies. T he microcolonies are seeded and gets dispersed where the cells form the microcolonies comes out to occupy a new surface( Ma. L et al, 2009;Stoodley.P et al,2002). The EPS of Pseudomonas aeruginosa composed of polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids. It is the important component of the biofilms. The exo polysaccharide genes lec A , Pil B, Psl A, alginate are responsible for the formation of Pseudomonas biofilms. The locus of the Psl exopolysaccharide encodes bacterial cells to surface and thus maintaining the biofilm structure. The matrix which is anchored by the Psl is not visualised directly during the developmental stages of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. In addition to the present scenario of exopolysaccharides, extracellular DNA also plays an important part in . P.aeruginosa biofilm matrix (Allensen-Holm M et al, 2006). The extracellular DNA is derived from the chromosomes and it functions for signalling between the cells interconnecting the biofilm matrix. In the biofilm matrix, extracellular cellular DNA promotes cation gradients, release of genomic DNA and induces antibiotic resistance ( Mulcahy H, et al. 2008). Real time PCR Polmerase chain reaction or simply PCR is introduced by Kary mulis in 1980, which really a revolution in the molecular biology. PCR is the standard procedure to amplify small quantities of DNA molecule into large quantities. The method depends on thermal cycling which involves the continuous heating and cooling of reaction for DNA melting and enzymatic replication of DNA. PCR applications employ a general heat stable DNA polymerase such as Taq polymerase enzyme isolated from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus. PCR method is involves three major steps.1) Denaturation 2) Annealing 3) Elongation. In the first step DNA template is denaturated to single strand at high temperature of 940C. In the second step, single stranded DNA template annealed with primers, the temperature is 650C. At 720 C the DNA starts elongation which is third step. DNA polymerase synthesizes new complementary strand to the template DNA strand. Real time polymerase chain reaction or qualitative polymerase chain reaction is a laboratory technique which not only amplifies but also quantifies the target DNA molecule. it helps the user for detection and quantification(absolute and relative) of many specific genes in a present in a given DNA sample. The general principle of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is also used in the RT PCR. Unlike PCR, RT PCR is a new technology product is detected at the end of the reaction. There are two common methods for the product detection in RT PCR 1) Non -specific fluorescent dyes which interacts with the double stranded DNA molecule 2) Sequence specific DNA probes consists of oligonucleotides that are fluorescently labelled with reporter. The product is detected after the hybridization of the probe and complementary strand. The RT PCR is used to amplify the reversly transcribed cDNA products from the mRNA, which is becoming the effective and powerful tool in the field of molecular biology to quantify and study the gene expression. The RT PCR method is very easy to apply provides the reliable, accuracy and rapid gene expression quantification. The accurate nucleic acid quantification requires mathematical application for data analysis(Michael W.P., 2001). The real time PCR provides the very accurate and reproducible quantification of gene copies (Heid C.A., 1996). Unlike other PCR methods, RT PCR does not require post process sample handling, prevents product contamination, provides faster and accurate assay results. Real time PCR is very accurate and less labour usage than the present gene quantification methods. Nucleic acid sequence quantification has an important role in the biological research. Measuring the gene expression have been extensively used in the biological responses to various external s timuli( Tan et al, 1994; Huang et al,1995). Gene and genome quatification also used for HIV demonstrates the change in the expression level of virus in the disease period( Conner et al. 1993); (piatak et al, 1993). There are two types of quantification methods used in real time PCR: Absolute quantification Relative quantification Absolute quantification determines the input copy number generally by relating the PCR signal to a standard curve. In this method equal input amounts of sample, each sample under analysis amplifies with identical efficiency up to the point of qualitative analysis( Heid et al,1996). We quantitate the unknowns based on a known standard quantity. The unknown samples are compared to the known by creating a standard curve. The input copy number of the PCR signal is related to standard curve in absolute quantification method. Sometimes it is not necessary to know the copy number but it is important to calculate the relative change gene expression (Livak.K.J et al, 2001). The second method is relative quantification, we analyse the changes in gene expression in a given sample relative to another reference sample(untreated control sample). Relative standard again consists of two types of methods they are relative standard curve and comparative Ct method. In the relative quantification the PCR signal is related to the targeted transcript of the samples in the group. The new applications of comparative Ct method is the 2-à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ct method which is efficiently useful for the analysis of qPCR data. The 2-à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ct method(Livak.K.J et al , 2001): Derivation of 2-à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ct method: The equation for the amplification of PCR can be written as: Xn=X0 (1+Ex)n(1) Where Xn is the number of target molecules at cycle n of the reaction. X0 is the initial number opf target molecules. Ex is the efficiency of the target amplicon. n is the number of cycles CT is the threshold cycle, indicates the fractional cycle at which the amount of amplified target reaches a fixed threshold. XT =X0 (1+Ex)CT.X=Kx(2) Where XT is the threshold number of target molecules. CTX is the threshold cycle for target molecule and Kx is constant. A similar reaction for the internal control gene is RT =R0 (1+ER)CTR=KR-(3) Where RT is the threshold number of reference molecules R0 is the initial number of reference molecules ER is the efficiency of the reference molecule. CT.R is the threshold cycle for reference amplicon. KR is a constant. Dividing XT and RT, we get , (XT/ RT )= (X0 (1+Ex)CT.X) / (R0 (1+ER)CT.R )= (Kx / KR ) = K-(4) For real time amplification using Taqman probes the exact values of the XT and RT depend upon the number of factors including the reporter dye and fluorescence properties of the probes, efficiency and purity of the probe, florescence threshold setting. Thus k cannot be equal to one. Assume the efficiencies of target and the reference as equal. ER = Ex=E (X0 / R0) (1+ E) CT.X- CT.R =K(5) XN (1+E)-à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  CT =K-(6) Where XN is equal to the normalised amount of target gene (X0 / R0) and à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  CT is the difference of the threshold cycles of target and reference (CT.X- CT.R ). The expression can be written as XN=K(1+E) -à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  CT -(7) If we divide the whole equation by XN for any sample q by XN as the calibrator(cb) XN.q /XN.cb ={[ K(1+E) -à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  CTq ]/[ K(1+E) -à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  CTcb ]} =(1+E) -à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  CT Here -à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  CT = -(à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  CTq -à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  CT.cb) For amplicons which are designed less than 150 bp, primer and magnesium concentration are optimised, the efficiency is nearly equal to 1. Therefore the amount of target gene, normalized to an endogenous reference which is relative to a calibrator, taken as Amount of target =2-à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  CT . When the threshold is set for n standard deviations in the plot , above the mean of the base line emission from cycles 0 to n. The standard deviations is calculated from the data attained from base line of the amplification plot. When the fluorescence exceeds the threshold limit, CT values are determined at that point. The CT values are ten times more than the standard deviation of base line. The point at which amplification plot crosses the threshold can be defined as CT (Heid et al, 1996). Materials and methods Identifying pseudomonas aeruginosa Gram straining: Prepare a small amount of smear on a clear glass slide. Heat fix the smear to slide. Add a drop of crystal violet on to smear allow for 60 seconds. Rinse the slide with water. Add a drop of grams iodine to the smear allow for 60 seconds. Rinse the slide with water. Add 95% absolute ethanol to destain the crystal violet. Rinse again with water. Add a drop of saffronin over the smear, allow for 60 seconds. Rinse with water. Blot dry the slide, do not rub. Observe the smear under microscope. 10. If the colour of the bacteria appears pink it is gram negative, it is gram positive if it appears purple. Rod shaped pink coloured bacteria is clearly observed for gram negative pseudomonas aeruginosa. Shake flask method Prepare media of nutrient broth about 13 grams per litre of distilled water. Mix well and pour 50 ml of media into a 250ml conical flask. Plug the conical flask and wrap the mouth with aluminium foil. The less volumes of media in the flask increases surface area and oxygen transfer rate(OTR). The flasks are autoclaved at 1210 C and 1.5 lbs pressure for 1 hour 15 minutes. Planktonic-contains 50 ml of nutrient broth Biofilm-contains 25ml of PBS with microcarriers plus 25 ml of nutrient broth. Inoculate a loopful of pseudomonas aeruginosa into 50 ml nutrient broth aseptically. Allow the bacteria to grow overnight. Take the optical density at 550nm using spectrophotometer.The amount of the inoculums to be added to the shake flasks for analysis is calculated using the formula below: Amount of sample to add into shake flask = [working concentration X volume(ml)] / stock(OD) obtained After inoculation the flasks are kept in the orbital shaker at 300C. The samples of 1 ml is collected for RNA extraction at particular time intervals at 0,1,2, 4,24 and 48 hours for planktonic. In respect the biofilm samples are collected at time 0,22,24,26,44,46 and 48 hours as their growth is slower than the freely suspended planktonic cells. Then 2 ml of RNA later solution is added to the collected samples for RNA stabilization. The optical density is regularly monitored to check the growth of pseudomonas aeruginosa . Fermentation The fermentation process we perform here is batch fermentation. The bioreactor used for the study is a small scale fermentor from APPLICON BIOTECHNOLOGIES. The process will take place in a 3L fermentor(consists the working volume of 2.5L) for about 24 hours. During the run the criteria of temperature is kept at 300C . The pH is run free, stirrer speed is set at 600rpm for planktonic culture. The fermentor is run free for 24 hours overnight to check the production of foam. The cold finger helps to control the temperature by feeding water from/to the reactor. The o ring is checked for any leakage. The sample port is a tube for sampling using back pressure and forces the liquid into a glass recipient. The inlets for acid, alkali and antifoam are linked to durham bottles, going through the pumps. The durham bottles are blank, because above parameters are not controlled in this process. Air is pumped through a filter. The condenser is connected to water that comes out of the fermentor. Wh en the water is warmer than outside, condensed water reaches the condenser. The gas goes from an outlet connected to the condenser. The dissolved oxygen probe is connected to dO2 cable from the machine. It measures the amount of dO2 in the media. This probe needs to be kept in the buffer, when not in use. The probe should be plugged for 10 to 12 hours before the inoculation inorder to polarize. The stirrer is placed on the top of fermentor. The vessel is heated with the help of heating pad and temperature is detected using temperature probe. The air inlet is set up through the pumps and its volume is controlled with a rotometer in front of the machine. In this case 2.5L of air/min is supplied to the fermentor. For the gas analysis of oxygen and carbon dioxide the gas is passed through a drying column and reaches the monitor which is already set up for calibration. we run two runs of fermentor for both planktonic and biofilm cultures. The parameters such as temperature, aeration for planktonic and biofilm cultures are almost same. The only parameter varies for both is stirring is maintained at 600rpm for planktoni c and 200rpm for biofilm fermentation. Procedure: The fermentor is sterilised and all the valves are sealed with foil before going into the autoclave. The fermentor is run for about 24 hours before adding the inoculum to check any formation of foam. About 20 ml of an overnight culture is added to the fermentor. Sampling :About 7ml of sample is collected for every 20min for planktonic and every 2 hours for biofilm until the exponential phase is reached. The sample collected is preserved in the freezer for different analysis. The sample is assayed for gene expression by adding 2 ml of RNA later solution for RNA stability. The samples are assayed for ammonia, phosphorus, glucose and protease. The fermentation conditions are listed below. RNA EXTRACTION (protocol provided by applied biosystems) Materials required: 2-mercapto ethanol,100% ethanol, 10% SDS(in RNase free water), 0.5  µl/sample. Lysozyme solution: 100  µl/ sample 10mM Tris HCl (PH 8.0)mM EDTA 10mg/ml lysozyme (in RNase free water) Lysis buffer: Before beginning the lysis and homogenization steps, prepare a fresh amount of lysis buffer containing 1% 2-mercapto ethanol for each purification procedure. Add 10 µl 2-mercaptoethanol for each 1ml lysis buffer. Use 350  µl of freshly prepared lysis buffer for 1109 bacterial cells. Lysis and homogenization: Harvest 1109 bacterial cells and transfer them to an appropriately sized microcentrifuge tubes. Centrifuge at 500xg for 5 minutes at 40C to pellet cells. Discard the supernatant. Add 100  µl of prepared lysozyme solution to the cell pellet and resuspend by vortexing. Add 0.5  µl 10% SDS solution vortex to mix well. Incubate the cells in the tube for 5 minutes at room temperature. Add 350  µl lysis buffer prepared with 2-mercaptoethanol. Vortex to mix well. Transfer the lysate to a homogenizer inserted in an RNase free tube and centrifuge at 12,000xg for 2 minutes at room temperature. Remove the homogenizer when done. Purifying the RNA from bacterial cells: These steps are followed to bind wash and elute the RNA from the P.aeruginosa cells sample. Add 250  µl 100% ethanol to each volume of bacterial cell homogenate. Mix thoroughly by vortexing to dispersing any visible precipitate that may form after adding ethanol. Transfer the sample(including any remaining precipitate) to a spin cartridge( with a collection tube. Centrifuge both the spin cartridge and collection tube at 12,000xg for 15 seconds at room temperature. Discard the flow through and re-insert the spin cartridge in the same collection tube. Add 700  µl of wash buffer I to the spin cartridge. Centrifuge at 12,000xg for 15 seconds at room temperature. Discard the flow through and the collection tube. Place the spin cartridge into a new collection tube. Add 500  µl wash buffer II with ethanol to the spin cartridge. Centrifuge at 12,000Xg for 15 seconds at room temperature. Discard the flow through and re insert the spin cartridge into the same collection tube. The steps are repeated once again. Centrifuge the spin cartridge and collection tube at 12,000Xg for 1 minute at room temperature to dry the membrane with attached RNA. Discard the collection tube and insert the spin cartridge into a recovery tube. Add 50  µl of RNase free water to the centre of spin cartridge. Incubate at room temperature for 1 minute. Centrifuge the spin cartridge and recovery tube for 2 minutes at 12,000Xg at room temperature. Store the purified RNA or proceeded for DNase treatment after RNA treatment. (store purified RNA at -800C for long term). Agarose gel electrophoresis: The RNA samples after extraction are checked for the RNA signal. To visualise the RNA 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. The materials required for agarose gel electrophoresis is TAE buffer and agarose. TAE buffer(50x Tris acetate) 242 g of Tris base 57.1 ml glaciel acetic acid 100 ml of EDTA 0.5M PH .8.0 700ml of dH2O . About 20 ml of above solution is mixed with 980ml of distilled water to make it 1X. 1 gram of agarose is added to 100 ml of TAE buffer. The solution is mixed well. The solution is heated until the agarose is completely dissolved and solution becomes colourless. About 2.5  µl of ethidium bromide is added to the solution to visualise the RNA bands. Special care is taken while adding the ethidium bromide because it is bio-hazardous. Then about 5  µl RNA sample is mixed with 1  µl of DNA loading dye. The RNA samples are RUN with the potential difference of 80V with DNA Hyper ladder II as a standard. DNase treatment (protocol and kit provided by applied biosystem) The DNase I treatment is performed to remove any traces of genomic DNA from the eluted RNA. Protocol: Add 10x DNase buffer and DNase I to the RNA sample in the following composition: Amount component 1/9 th volume 10x DNase buffer 4  µl DNase I The components are mixed with gentle pippeting. Then the mixture is incubated at 370C for 90 minutes. DNase inactivation reagent is added to the solution and mixed well, leave at room temperature for 2 minutes. The samples are centrifuged at maximum speed for 1 minute to pellet the DNase inactivation reagent, after that the RNA solution is transferred to a new RNase free tube. The samples are run on 1% agarose gel electrophoresis to check the DNA contamination. We fou